| Specifications | Rarely Asked Questions \Why does my active filter not meet its specifications?\ RAQ, RAQs, Rarely Asked Questions, Bryant, active filter Analog Devices |
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![[designnews.com]06.26.06 DESIGN NEWS21 Rarely Asked Questions Strange but true stories from the call logs of Analog Devices S](https://www.catagle.com/38-1/RAQ_activeFilters_1.png "[designnews.com]06.26.06 DESIGN NEWS21 Rarely Asked Questions Strange but true stories from the call logs of Analog Devices S")
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| Specifications | Rarely Asked Questions \Why does my active filter not meet its specifications?\ RAQ, RAQs, Rarely Asked Questions, Bryant, active filter Analog Devices |
| Business section |
| Specifications | Rarely Asked Questions \Why does my active filter not meet its specifications?\ RAQ, RAQs, Rarely Asked Questions, Bryant, active filter Analog Devices |
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| Content | [designnews.com]06.26.06 DESIGN NEWS21 Rarely Asked Questions Strange but true stories from the call logs of Analog Devices SPONSOREDBY RAQ’s SPECIALADVERTISINGSECTION Have a question involving a perplexing or unusual analog problem? Submit your question to: A.Because much active filter software ignores “real life” amplifier behavior. I was recently on holiday diving in the Red Sea. I had left my cell phone and computer at home and forgotten all about work. But, foolishly, I carried my towel and camera to the dive boat in an Analog Devices rucksack. One of my fel- low divers, Ekaterin from Russia, had just designed an active filter with ADI op amps, was having some prob- lems, and recognized the logo. So much for a total break! Her filter design was flawless. Spice analy- sis confirmed it, and the components were properly toleranced. Luckily, I did not need a computer to see why the filter did not worked as expected. The design had been done with an “ideal” op amp where all the parameters are either zero or infinity. Real life is rarely so accommodating. Voltage feedback op amps typically have high open-loop gain and a single-pole fre- quency response. High precision types have gain >106but their gain-bandwidth product is rarely more than a few MHz, so their open-loop gain starts to drop at a few Hz. By 20 kHz, the top of the audio spectrum, the open-loop gain of a precision op amp may be <50 — low enough to degrade an active filter design. Furthermore, at high signal levels, slew rate also limits an amplifi- er’s frequency response. High-speed op amps do not have these problems, but many fast op amps oscillate with capacitive feedback. Since many active filter topologies use capacitive feedback it is unwise to design active filters with current feedback op amps. Designers often use high values resistors in order to use small, cheap precision capacitors. Bias currents flowing in high resistances will degrade the amplifier’s off- set voltage by the voltage drop in the resist- ance. The op amp’s noise current will also make a greater contribution to system noise. The resistor’s (Johnson) noise can also exceed the op amp noise. Not all filter designers consider this, nor do they always remember to provide the proper high fre- quency supply decoupling, thus impairing the amplifier’s high-frequency response. Ekaterin’s problem was due to the use of too slow an amplifier and, luckily, I was able to recommend a faster one. This, as I learned shortly after my return home, allowed her circuit to exceed its required performance comfortably. After solving the active filter problem, we both returned to the water, and the beautiful reef life, with no more distracting thoughts of work. To learn more about active filters, Go to: http://rbi.ims.ca/5696-111 raq@reedbusiness.com Contributing Writer James Bryant has been a European Applications Manager with Analog Devices since 1982. He holds a degree in Physics and Philosophy from the University of Leeds. He is also C.Eng., Eur.Eng., MIEE, and an FBIS. In addition to his passion for engi- neering, James is a radio ham and holds the call sign G4CLF. How Not to Design Active Filters (Or Not Only Sharks Distract Divers) Q.Why does my carefully designed active filter not meet its specifications? DNX060626RAQ1 v4.qxd 6/5/2006 12:29 PM Page 21 |
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| Following Datasheets | RAQ_add_up (1 pages) RAQ_AmplifierHeadroom_1 (1 pages) RAQ_amplitude_1 (1 pages) RAQ_analogDigital_1 (1 pages) RAQ_analogICs_1 (1 pages) RAQ_Ancient_Logic (1 pages) RAQ_attenuator_1 (1 pages) RAQ_balancing_Phase (1 pages) RAQ_biasCurrent (1 pages) RAQ_Burning_Cakes (1 pages) |
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