Hydrogen MOS Quality Boulder L. Warfield

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Specifications	Hydrogen MOS Quality Boulder L. Warfield
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End Notes i Additional Information on the Importance of a Method of Sale - Establishing a uniform method of sale ensures mark

Specifications	Hydrogen MOS Quality Boulder L. Warfield
Outline	Main Table of Contents Laws and Regulations Commitee Interim Report Appendix E. U.S. National Work Group for the Development of Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards Summary of Current Information Section I. Prologue Section II. Method of Sale and Fuel Quality Standard Uniform Method of Sale for Hydrogen Vehicle Fuel Product Identity Service Pressures shall be shown in the SI Unit Pascal (MPa) Unit Pricing in Whole Cents A Competitive Marketplace
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Content	End Notes i Additional Information on the Importance of a Method of Sale - Establishing a uniform method of sale ensures marketplace integrity and increases consumer confidence while ensuring fair trade practice in a competitive marketplace. In past experience, the lack of a legal standard of sale has resulted in sellers establishing different methods of sale for the same product. This resulted in investments in weighing and measuring equipment and spending on packaging and marketing programs only to find that the units of measurement used were not appropriate for the commodity. Once a new standard was established existing measuring equipment, labeling, and sales literature had to be retrofitted or discarded. Establishing a method of sale early in the process informs the designers of weighing and measuring devices about how they are to design the device and the user interface. It also enables marketers to create sales and promotional programs for the product using a consistent unit of measurement throughout the system. Past experience with conflicting methods of sale has taught weights and measures and sellers many valuable lessons over the years. One of the most important lessons is that consumers are intelligent and willing to learn new methods of sale and readily accept products and services, if the information they receive from different sellers is informative, uniform, and accurate. Establishing a uniform method of sale will also inform automobile and fuel cell manufacturers about how they will need to educate consumers in sales literature and owners manuals about the fuel and how it will be measured for dispensing into the vehicles and other refueling applications. Decisions are needed so that as marketing and promotional ideas are being considered and developed the uniqueness of the fuel and dispensers can be addressed using a single unit of measurement. ii Additional Information on the Gasoline Gallon Equivalent – A question at the FSS March 2008 meeting was whether the marketing of hydrogen vehicles against those that use fuels sold on the basis of a gallon would benefit from the establishment of a Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE). GGEs are based on energy content of fuels. GGE for hydrogen is mentioned in the media and government literature as 1 kg = 119,823 kilojoules (kJ) (113,571 BTU (LHV). GGE is used to compare the fuel in terms of price per gallon and to introduce hydrogen as a commercial vehicle fuel. This approach facilitates those comparisons as long as it is also understood that the energy content in a gallon of fuel varies widely with the fuel. When the GGE for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) was developed as a legally defined value in the 1990’s, one reason for its adoption was to allow consumers to compare the cost of competing fuels on street signs and on dispensers in a unit of measurement that was comparable among fuels such as gasoline. Thus, consumers could determine the potential savings when choosing a vehicle capable of using one type of fuel over another. In 1994 the GGE was set at 2.567 kg for CNG by NCWM using the lower heating value of gasoline which was then given at 120,401.7 kJ (114,118.8 BTU). It should be noted that the adoption of the GGE for CNG was somewhat contentious. A proposal to add a Diesel Gallon Equivalent (DGE) for CNG is expected to be on the NCWM’s agenda in 2009. It is difficult to make accurate comparisons between fuels because energy content varies by fuel, by region, and season for gasoline. Currently the Transportation Energy Data Book lists the net energy of a gallon of gasoline at 121,753.4 kJ (115,400 BTU) and diesel as 135,785.7 kJ (128,700 BTU). Variations in energy content increase when gasoline is blended with Ethanol (E10 or E20) and E85 (15 % gasoline + 85 % ethanol) which contains only 89,679.76 kJ (85,000 BTUs) according to the National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition. Hydrogen fuel, which is expected to come into the marketplace as a commercial fuel within the next ten years, will be competing for customers who have far more fuel choices than are currently available. If a GGE is considered for hydrogen the question that should be asked is “Would a GGE based on today’s net energy content for Hydrogen be a valid tool 10 years from now to compare it against gasoline, CNG, E85, diesel, and other fuels and the new electric cars expected from automobile manufacturers?” Because of constant changes in energy policies and environmental concerns new fuels and blends will continue to emerge in the marketplace. This constant state of change impacts the validity of GGEs. One question that must be raised if a GGE for hydrogen is proposed is if these artificial comparison tools should be periodically reviewed to ensure they provide an equitable means of ensuring reasonable and reliable comparisons between fuels. USNWG Commercial H2 Measurement Standards 2008 Dec. Fuel Specifications Subcommittee (FSS) Page 10 of 10
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